WIP Version

This documentation is a work in progress.

Pipelines

Pipelines (or "processing pipelines") provide a more nuanced way to configure and fine-tune how Sigma rules get converted into their SIEM specific format. Pipelines are often used to ensure that the fields used within Sigma are mapped correctly to the fields used in each SIEM, or to ensure that the correct logsource is being inserted / updated.

Basics

A processing pipeline defines a sequence of transformations that are applied to a Sigma rule before it is converted into the target query language. These transformations can be field mappings, adding suffixes to field names, or any of the others listed below.

Processing pipelines are written as YAML files – usually used by end-users, or as Python code – usually used by developers of Sigma backends. For this documentation we'll be solely focusing on YAML files.

Each Sigma backend also usually provide pre-defined pipelines Sigma CLI makes available during conversion – such as splunk_windows, splunk_cim and splunk_sysmon_acceleration pipelines for the pySigma Splunk Backend.

Writing Pipelines

Similar to creating a Sigma rule, constructing processing pipelines is done by creating a .yml file, usually in a folder called config/ or pipelines/, adjacent to the rules/ folder.

There often exists a lot of different standards on how to name the Event ID / Event Code field when dealing with Windows Event Log (event_id, event_code, EventId, EventCode, evtid, code etc), a good starting point would be to ensure is to ensure that all Sigma EventID fields are correctly mapped.

# Create the pipelines folder
mkdir pipelines

# Create the pipeline for "Windows EventID / Event Code mapping"
vim pipelines/fix_windows_event_id_mapping.yml

pipelines/fix_windows_event_id_mapping.yml

name: Fixing the field naming mess
priority: 30
transformations:
- id: image_fail_path
  type: detection_item_failure
  message: Image must only contain file name without any further path components.
  field_name_conditions:
  - type: include_fields
    fields:
    - Image
  detection_item_conditions:
  - type: match_string
    cond: any
    pattern: "^\\*\\\\?[^\\\\]+$"
    negate: true
- id: image_file_only
  type: replace_string
  regex: "^\\*\\\\([^\\\\]+)$"
  replacement: "\\1"
  field_name_conditions:
  - type: include_fields
    fields:
    - Image
- id: field_mapping
  type: field_name_mapping
  mapping:
    EventID:
    - event_id
    - evtid
- id: windows_field_prefix
  type: field_name_prefix
  prefix: "win."
  field_name_cond_not: true
  field_name_conditions:
  - type: processing_item_applied
    processing_item_id: field_mapping
- id: index_condition
  type: add_condition
  conditions:
    index: windows
  rule_conditions:
  - type: logsource
    product: windows

Pipelines can be chained in the order defined by their priority. A usual processing chain is:

1. Generic log sources are translated into specific log sources, (e.g. process creation Sigma rules into Sysmon EventID: 1).
2. Transformation of the log signatures into the taxonomy used by a backend.
3. Environment-specific transformations.

Pipeline Usage

Invoking a pipeline is done by passing the --pipeline / -p parameter to the sigma convert command, and can either be a reference to a pre-defined pipeline, or a path to the specific .yml configuration file itself.

Example: Predefined Pipelines

sigma convert -t splunk -p sysmon rules/windows/process_creation/proc_creation_win_sysinternals_procdump.yml

EventID=1 Image IN ("*\\procdump.exe", "*\\procdump64.exe")

Priorities

During conversion, after all the backend and user-supplied pipelines have been gathered, priorities are used to sort the pipelines into their order-of-execution.

Some standard conventions used for these priorities are listed below.

Priority	Description
10	Log source pipelines like for Sysmon
20	Pipelines provided by backend packages that should be run before the backend pipeline.
50	Backend pipelines that are integrated in the backend and applied automatically.
60	Backend output format pipelines that are integrated in the backend and applied automatically for the associated output format.

Tip:

Pipelines are executed from the lowest priority to the highest.

Note:

• Pipelines with the same priority are applied in the order they were provided.
• Pipelines without a priority are assumed to have the Priority 0.

Placeholders

Conditions

Conditions can be attached transformations, so that a transformation may only trigger when a given logsource is present, or only if another transformation was applied previously during the conversion process.

Rule-based Conditions

WIP

TODO

Detection-based Conditions

WIP

TODO

Field-based Conditions

WIP

TODO

Transformations

WIP

TODO

Field Name Mapping

Map a field name in the sigma rule to a field name used in your logs.

Parameters:

• 'mapping': the fields that will be mapped (required)

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
    - id: useragent_mapping
      type: field_name_mapping
      mapping:
        c-useragent: useragent
        cs-host: hostname
        c-ip: ip
      rule_conditions:
        - type: logsource       
          category: proxy

Field Name Prefix Mapping

Map a field name prefix to replace it with another prefix.

Parameters:

• 'mapping': the fields that will be mapped (required)

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
    - id: integritylevel_prefix_mapping
      type: field_name_prefix_mapping
      mapping:
        win.: proc.
      rule_conditions:
        - type: logsource       
          product: windows

Drop Detection Item

Deletes detection items. Some sort of condition is recommended but not required.

Parameters:

• none

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
    # Drops the Hashes field which is specific to Sysmon logs
    - id: hashes_drop_sysmon-specific-field
      type: drop_detection_item
      field_name_conditions:
        - type: include_fields
          fields:
          - Hashes
      rule_conditions:
      - type: logsource
        product: windows
        category: process_creation

Field Name Suffix

Add a field name suffix. field_name_conditions are not required, but are recommended.

Parameters:

• 'suffix': the suffix to be added (required)

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
    - id: windows_field_suffix
      type: field_name_suffix
      suffix: ".win"
      field_name_conditions:
      - type: include_fields
        fields: 
        - Hashes

Field Name Prefix

Add a field name prefix.

Parameters:

• 'prefix': the prefix to be added (required)

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
    - id: windows_field_prefix
      type: field_name_prefix
      prefix: "win."

Wildcard Placeholders

Replaces placeholders with wildcards. This transformation is useful if remaining placeholders should be replaced with something meaningful to make conversion of rules possible without defining the placeholders content.

Parameters:

• none

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
    - id: wildcard_placeholders_transformation
      type: wildcard_placeholders

Value Placeholders

Replaces placeholders with values contained in variables defined in the configuration.

Parameters:

• include: identify the specific placeholders you'd like to transform

/pipelines/value_placeholders_test.yml

name: value_placeholder_pipeline
vars:
    administrator_name:
      - 'Administrator'
      - 'Admin'
      - 'SysAdmin'
transformations:
    - type: value_placeholders
      include:
          - 'administrator_name'

/rules/rule.yml

title: Administrator Usage
logsource:
    product: windows
detection:
    selection:
        user|expand: "%administrator_name%"
    condition: selection

Splunk Output

user IN ("Administrator", "Admin", "SysAdmin")

Query Expression Placeholders

Replaces a placeholder with a plain query containing the placeholder or an identifier mapped from the placeholder name. The main purpose is the generation of arbitrary list lookup expressions which are passed to the resulting query.

Parameters:

• expression: string that contains query expression with {field} and {id} placeholder where placeholder identifier or a mapped identifier is inserted.
• include:identify the specific placeholders you'd like to transform
• mapping: Mapping between placeholders and identifiers that should be used in the expression. If no mapping is provided the placeholder name is used.

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
  - id: Admins_Workstations_query_expression_placeholder
    type: query_expression_placeholders
    include:
      - Admins_Workstations
    expression: "[| inputlookup {id} | rename user as {field}]"

For the rule: User with Privileges Logon

Splunk Output

EventID IN (4672, 4964) NOT (SubjectUserSid="S-1-5-18" OR [| inputlookup Admins_Workstations | rename user as SubjectUserName])

Add Condition

Add and condition expression to rule conditions.

If template is set to True the condition values are interpreted as string templates and the following placeholders are replaced:

• category, product and service: with the corresponding values of the Sigma rule log source.

Parameters:

• 'conditions': the string to be added to replace the logsource values

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
    - id: index_condition
      type: add_condition
      conditions:
        index: winevent
      rule_conditions:
        - type: logsource
          product: windows

Change Logsource

Replace log source as defined in transformation parameters.

Parameters:

• 'category', 'product', 'service': the log source to be changed (requires at least one)

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
    - id: change_logsource
      type: change_logsource
      category: security
      rule_conditions:
      - type: logsource
        category: process_creation

Replace String

Replace string part matched by regular expression with replacement string that can reference capture groups. It operates on the plain string representation of the SigmaString value.

This is basically an interface to re.sub() and can use all features available there.

Parameters:

• regex: The regular expression to find the desired string
• replacement: The replacement string to be added

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
    - id: image_file_only
      type: replace_string
      regex: "^\\*\\\\([^\\\\]+)$"
      replacement: "\\1"
      field_name_conditions:
      - type: include_fields
        fields:
        - Image

Set State

A variable that is set within the processing pipeline and can serve for different purposes:

• as variable in templates in post processing via the pipeline object exposed to the template engine.
• by backend like Splunk where data_model_set is used for the generated tstats queries as data model.
• a processing condition using this state is planned.
• the pipeline state is also used to initiate the conversion state for each rule conversion.

Parameters:

• key: The key to modified
• val: The values to assign to the key

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
      - id: set_datamodel
        type: set_state
        key: 'data_model_set'
        val: 'Endpoint.Processes'
      - id: custom_process_dm
        type: set_state
        key: fields
        val:
          CommandLine:
          Image:
          OriginalFilename:

Splunk Output

| tstats summariesonly=false allow_old_summaries=true fillnull_value="null" count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime from datamodel=Endpoint.Processes where IntegrityLevel="System" User IN ("*AUTHORI*", "*AUTORI*") Image IN ("*\\calc.exe", "*\\wscript.exe", "*\\cscript.exe", "*\\hh.exe", "*\\mshta.exe", "*\\forfiles.exe", "*\\ping.exe") OR CommandLine IN ("* -NoP *", "* -W Hidden *", "* -decode *", "* /decode *", "* /urlcache *", "* -urlcache *", "* -e* JAB*", "* -e* SUVYI*", "* -e* SQBFAFgA*", "* -e* aWV4I*", "* -e* IAB*", "* -e* PAA*", "* -e* aQBlAHgA*", "*vssadmin delete shadows*", "*reg SAVE HKLM*", "* -ma *", "*Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run*", "*.downloadstring(*", "*.downloadfile(*", "* /ticket:*", "*dpapi::*", "*event::clear*", "*event::drop*", "*id::modify*", "*kerberos::*", "*lsadump::*", "*misc::*", "*privilege::*", "*rpc::*", "*sekurlsa::*", "*sid::*", "*token::*", "*vault::cred*", "*vault::list*", "* p::d *", "*;iex(*", "*MiniDump*", "*net user *") by CommandLine Image OriginalFilename | `drop_dm_object_name(Processes)` | convert timeformat="%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S" ctime(firstTime) | convert timeformat="%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S" ctime(lastTime)

In this example above, we are demonstrating how the Splunk backend will apply a data model when used with the data_model output format with a Sigma CLI command like sigma convert -p pipeline.yml -t splunk -f data_model rule.yml. This will convert a query to use datamodels and form a tstats query such at this:

Rule Failure

Raise a SigmaTransformationError with the provided message. This enables transformation pipelines to signalize that a certain situation can't be handled, e.g. only a subset of values is allowed because the target data model doesn't offers all possibilities. A transformation condition is not required, but is recommended.

Parameters:

• message: the message to present when the transformation failure state is met

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
    - id: cs_drop_unsupported_logsource_sysmon_status
      type: rule_failure
      message: CrowdStrike logs do not support sysmon_status logs at this time.
      rule_conditions:
        - type: logsource
          product: windows
          category: sysmon_status

Detection Item Failure

Raise a SigmaTransformationError with the provided message. This enables transformation pipelines to signalize that a certain situation can't be handled, e.g. only a subset of values is allowed because the target data model doesn't offers all possibilities. A transformation condition is not required, but is recommended.

Parameters:

• message: the message to present when the transformation failure state is met

/pipelines/transformation_demo.yml

name: transformation_demo
priority: 100
transformations:
    - id: cs_drop_eventid
      type: detection_item_failure
      message: CrowdStrike logs do not support the field EventID at this time.
      field_name_conditions:
        - type: include_fields
          fields:
            - EventID
      rule_conditions:
        - type: logsource
          product: windows